An assessment of population-based screening guidelines versus clinical prediction rules for chlamydia and gonorrhea case finding

IntroductionMuch remains to be learned regarding the epistemology and utility of guidelines and clinical prediction rules (CPR), as well as the extent to which knowledge about risk at a population level might be pertinent to any given patient in terms of case finding accuracy. In the current paper, we offer an empirical examination that juxtaposes population-based guidelines and CPR for sexual health decision-making.Materials and methodsWe analyzed electronic medical records from asymptomatic patient visits involving tests for chlamydia or gonorrhea between 2000 and 2012 at nine publicly funded STI clinics in British Columbia to compare the case-finding accuracy for infection risk under two scenarios: (1) if the population had been screened using the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) screening guidelines for chlamydia and gonorrhea; or (2) if the population has been screened using a CPR. Performance metrics evaluated included the area under the ROC curve (AUC).ResultsIn total, 35,818 individuals met the study inclusion criteria. The overall infection rate was 3.0%. Using the PHAC guidelines, the discriminatory performance of using any versus no risk factors and counts of risk factors were: AUC = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.54–0.56 and AUC = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.63–0.66, respectively. The model used to derive the CPR demonstrated good discrimination (AUC = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.71–0.74).ConclusionsThe current paper provides empirical evidence that demonstrates that population-based guidelines may not necessarily be a perfect fit for application at the individual level. Thus, we recommend risk estimation algorithms for use in sexual health services and programs.     

英文科技期刊促进公共卫生学术交流与传播的策略——以《生物安全与健康(英文)》的办刊实践为例

【目的】 探讨建设促进公共卫生学术交流与传播的国际化英文科技期刊的有效途径,为我国科技期刊,特别是新创办的英文科技期刊提供借鉴和参考。【方法】 结合《生物安全与健康(英文)》(Biosafety and Health,B&H)的办刊实践,归纳新创办的英文科技期刊的办刊背景、提升国际影响力的举措及获得的成效。【结果】 B&H创刊3 年以来,先后被国内外重要数据库,如DOAJ、RCCSE、CSCD、Scopus、CSTPCD等收录,期刊的国际影响力正在快速提升,期刊的开放获取政策、出版质量和规范性达到国际评估机构的认可标准。【结论】 B&H可填补我国生物安全学科领域期刊的空白,通过坚持国际化办刊之路、吸引优质稿源、积极策划专刊出版、多渠道宣传推广等特色举措,使期刊国际影响力得到快速提升,从而助力公共卫生领域的学术交流与传播。     

我国40岁及以上吸烟人群烟草依赖严重程度及其影响因素分析

目的 了解我国≥40岁吸烟人群烟草依赖情况及其影响因素,为我国广泛开展戒烟干预提供科学数据。方法 本研究数据来源于2014-2015年中国居民慢性阻塞性肺疾病监测,覆盖31个省（自治区、直辖市）的125个监测点,以面对面询问调查的方式收集≥40岁居民吸烟和烟草依赖的相关变量。应用复杂抽样加权估计我国≥40岁现在吸烟和现在每日吸烟人群烟草依赖率及其95%CI并分析其影响因素。结果 纳入分析现在吸烟者22 380人,现在每日吸烟者19 999人。≥40岁现在吸烟人群的重度烟草依赖率为31.1%（29.3%~32.9%）,其中男性为32.0%（30.2%~33.9%）,高于女性17.6%（13.4%~21.7%）;乡村为32.7%（30.2%~35.2%）,高于城镇;40~59岁年龄组重度烟草依赖率较高,为33.3%（31.3%~35.2%）。≥40岁现在每日吸烟人群的重度烟草依赖率为35.0%（33.0%~37.0%）,男性为35.8%（33.8%~37.8%）,女性为22.0%（16.8%~27.2%）。在现在吸烟人群和每日吸烟人群中,文化程度越低,重度烟草依赖率越高;18岁以前开始吸烟者重度烟草依赖率明显高于18岁及以后开始吸烟者;有慢性呼吸道症状者的重度烟草依赖率明显高于无症状吸烟者;慢性呼吸系统疾病患者和非患者的重度烟草依赖率差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;患有糖尿病、心脑血管疾病和高血压的吸烟者的重度烟草依赖率略低于非患者（P<0.05）。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,男性、中部和东部地区、40~59岁年龄组、从事农林牧渔水利、生产运输和商业服务职业、文化程度低、18岁以前开始吸烟者患重度烟草依赖的风险高。结论 我国≥40岁吸烟人群的重度烟草依赖水平较高,戒烟干预服务客观需求巨大,应采取有效措施推动我国戒烟干预工作的开展。     

Invasive pneumococcal disease in children under 16 years of age: Incomplete rebound in incidence after the maximum effect of PCV13 in 2012/13 in Germany

ObjectiveTo identify a potential nadir of the impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination (PCV) in infancy on invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPD) in children under 16 in Germany.MethodsActive surveillance on IPD based on two independent data sources with capture-recapture correction for underreporting. Annual incidence rates by age group, serotypes, site of infection, and relative incidence reduction compared to pre-vaccination period (1997–2001) at nadir and for the most recent season are reported. We calculated vaccine coverage at the age of 24 months using health insurance claims data.Results96–97% of children had received at least two doses of PCV since 2009. The maximum impact on overall IPD incidence was achieved in 2012/13 (−48% [95% CI: −55%; −39%]) with a rebound to −26% [95% CI: −36%; −16%] in 2015/16. Non-PCV13 serotypes accounted for 84.1% of the IPD cases in 2015/16. The most frequent non-PCV serotypes in IPD in 2014/15 and 2015/16 were 10A, 24F, 15C, 12F, 38, 22F, 23B, and 15B. The impact at nadir was highest in children 0–1 years of age both in meningitis and non-meningitis cases, whereas the impact for other age groups was higher for meningitis cases. The rebound mainly pertained to non-meningitis cases.ConclusionThe maximum impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination has been attained and signs of a rebound are apparent. Sustained surveillance for IPD in children is warranted to assess whether these trends will continue. There may be a need for vaccines using antigens common to all serotypes.     

Willingness to accept a future influenza A(H7N9) vaccine in Beijing,China

BackgroundThe present study aimed to estimate residents’ willingness to accept a future H7N9 vaccine and its determinants in the general adult population in Beijing, China.MethodsWe conducted a multi-stage sampling, cross-sectional survey using self-administered anonymous questionnaires from May to June, in 2014. The main outcome variable was residents’ willingness to accept a future H7N9 vaccine. Logistic regression was used to identify the predictors of vaccination willingness.ResultsOf the 7264 eligible participants, 14.5% of Beijing residents reported that they had not heard of H7N9. Among those who had heard of H7N9, 59.5% of the general adult population would be willing to accept a future H7N9 vaccine, and approximately half of them reported ‘I am afraid of being infected by H7N9’ and ‘H7N9 vaccine can prevent infections’, and 28.1% reported ‘my daily life is affected by H7N9’. The variables that were significantly associated with a higher likelihood of reporting willingness were being younger adults (aged 18–29 years: OR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.17–1.97; aged 30–39 years: OR = 1.39, 95% CI: 1.08–1.78), being farmers (OR = 1.61; 95% CI: 1.32–1.96), being unemployed people (OR = 1.36; 95% CI: 1.04–1.78), living in suburban areas (OR = 2.18; 95% CI: 1.89–2.51), having ≥2 children in the family (OR = 1.41; 95% CI: 1.03–1.92), perceived risk in China (OR = 1.30; 95% CI: 1.15–1.48), perceived susceptibility to disease (OR = 3.13; 95% CI: 2.73–3.58), perceived negative effect on daily life (OR = 1.32; 95% CI: 1.13–1.55), perceived effectiveness of vaccination (OR = 2.34; 95% CI: 2.07–2.64), and recent uptake of influenza vaccine (OR = 2.26; 95% CI: 1.92–2.66).ConclusionsA great number of Beijing residents had doubts about the vaccine’s effectiveness and were not concerned about disease risk, which were the factors affecting willingness to be vaccinated. Targeted education programs on disease risk as well as vaccine’s effectiveness are needed to improve the willingness of vaccination for potential H7N9 pandemic preparedness.     

北京市首次检出长湾泥沙门菌

对北京市首例婴儿感染长湾泥沙门菌的诊治经过和流行病学调查进行总结,掌握其生物学特性和分子分型特征,新型别的发现丰富了沙门菌血清型的多样性。菌株符合长湾泥沙门菌的表型特征,对15种抗菌药物均敏感,该菌感染与外来宠物龟有关。     

2013年北京市中心城区流感病原学特征

目的了解北京市中心城区流感病原学特征,为流感防治提供依据。方法采集北京市两家国家级流感监测哨点医院全年流感样病例(ILI)咽拭子标本,对北京市中心城区的病例标本进行分析,采用狗肾传代细胞(MDCK)进行流感病毒分离,采用血凝抑制试验(HI)进行型别鉴定。结果全年共检测北京市中心城区ILI咽拭子标本1 968件,分离到流感病毒162株,分离阳性率为8.2%,经分离鉴定,其中新甲型H1N1亚型96株,A(H3N2)亚型60株,B/Y亚型6株,分别占总株数的59.3%、37.0%和3.7%。结论 2013年1~2月为北京市中心城区流感发病高峰,流行株为新甲型H1N1亚型和A(H3N2)亚型,流感在5岁年龄均有分布且存在性别差异。     

某三级医院连续4年血培养分离菌构成及耐药性

目的了解血培养病原体的分布及其耐药性,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法对某院2008年1月-2011年12月间门诊及住院患者血培养标本分离的非重复病原体资料进行统计分析。结果670株血培养病原体中,革兰阴性杆菌306株（45.67％）,革兰阳性球菌329株（49.11％）,真菌35株（5.22%）;检出率居前3位的病原菌依次为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（23.88%）、大肠埃希菌（19.40%）和金黄色葡萄球菌（12.98%）。药敏结果显示,血流感染的多重耐药葡萄球菌对复方磺胺甲口恶唑、利奈唑胺及万古霉素的敏感性（耐药率为0～20.34%）高。革兰阴性杆菌（不动杆菌属除外）对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦及阿米卡星的耐药率为0～27.27%;耐药率最高的革兰阴性菌为不动杆菌属。血培养真菌分离率较高的为近平滑假丝酵母菌（2.38%）及白假丝酵母菌（1.79%）。结论早期送血培养做病原学检查,重视血培养分离的多重耐药菌株并加强监测,可及时为临床诊断和治疗提供可靠依据。     

北京市科技人员工作状况与心脑血管疾病患病情况分析

目的了解北京市科技人员工作状况和心脑血管疾病患病现状以及二者之间的关系。方法采取整群抽样的方法在北京市城区随机抽取了3家科研单位。对抽中单位中的18-60岁的所有在职工作的科技人员开展问卷调查。结果共调查科技人员432人,调查对象心脑血管疾病总体患病人数为52人,患病率为12.0%。在工作性质方面,43.5%的调查对象对工作环境比较满意;74.1%的调查对象工作时间在8-10小时;48.1%的调查对象有时感到工作强度较大;76.6%的调查对象非常喜欢/喜欢当前的工作;63.7%的调查对象完全/能胜任当前的工作;44.0%的调查对象认为自己的工作被上级领导完全认可/认可;54.6%的调查对象认为自己的工作有很大/有成就感。心脑血管疾病患病的影响因素分析发现,年龄（OR=1.084,95%CI：1.045-1.124）是心脑血管疾病患病的危险因素,相对于对工作非常喜欢/喜欢的人群,对工作不太喜欢/不喜欢的人群更易患心脑血管疾病（OR=2.893,95%CI：1.163-7.197）（P〈0.05）。结论科技人员心脑血管疾病患病情况与年龄有关,工作兴趣高的人员患病率较低,应提高职业人群对于工作的认同感和兴趣。